The Indian Navy is among the six navies to have procured aircraft carriers, while the Pakistan Navy, a God-chosen navy—as it is attributed by the Ulamas and generals—relies solely on frigates, submarines, and Corvettes; it neither has a destroyer nor any aircraft career. Pakistani armed forces believe in divine help; also believe that angels will descend to earth to help Pakistan armed forces against infidels. During the 1965 war, The Jang, a newspaper, published a news article saying that prophet Muhammad (PBUH) had been sighted in Saudi Arabia, calling for jihad against India.
Even in the medieval period, Muslims didn't believe in God's help until they had done something themselves. One such example is that of Nur-ud-din Zangi. When Nur-ud-din became cognizant of the attack on Edessa by its former count, he assembled his Turkoman warriors and Aleppon soldiers and marched from Aleppo, Syria. He rode day and night. No rest. Running all day and night, the horses fell to earth from fatigue upon reaching Edessa. The speed paid off. Joscelin II, the former count of Edessa, finding himself among the two armies, fled the war. Nur-ud-din could ask God for angels, but he didn't because he was not a blind follower of Islam as modern Muslims are.
After the humiliating defeat to India by China in 1962, Pakistan foreign minister, Bhutto, wanted to launch an operation to capture Kashmir, considering the low morale of the Indian army. Ayesha Jalal speaks of Kashmir issue as being based not on Muslim brotherhood but on strategic interest. She adds that the underlying issue is water that irrigates the lands of Punjab.
General Musa was against the operation. He feared that the response would not be weak and that India could counter us with full force. Ayub didn't listen to Musa and endorsed Operation Gibraltar, proposed by Bhutto. Basically, it was an operation to sneak Pakistani army personnel, disguised in local clothes, to instigate rebellion against the Indian army. Operation Gibraltar and Operation Grand Slam—started a few days later—failed badly after the four of them were apprehended and revealed the plan on All India radio.
As stipulated in an arms deal between Pakistan and the United States, American-made weapons were not meant to be used against India, the U.S. curbed the supply of weapons to Pakistan after they were used in operations against India.
Consequently, the Pakistani armed forces, as Ayesha Jalal noted in her book, couldn't continue fighting for a few more days. Despite the 1965 war being celebrated as a significant victory against India, the reality on the ground was different. A God-chosen army must be well-prepared before anything worse happens.
In the case of East Pakistan, the reality is entirely different from what is taught in Pakistan studies to students. East Pakistan being the largest wing was alienated for a long time and treated as a marginalized group. This disparity can easily be judged from the perspective of Yahya Khan that, on one occasion, he regarded Bengalis as "a black race", saying that he couldn't put his country [West Pakistan] at stake for the sake of black Bengalis. East Pakistan contributed in export-generated revenue more than west Pakistan, roughly 50% alone. The one unit formula was a part of a plan to keep East Pakistan away from the affairs of governance. Banning Rabindra Nath Tagore poetry on televisions in East Pakistan; not giving them their due share in state affairs; depriving them of the export-generated revenue, were a few illicit steps taken by West Pakistani elites that paved the way for secession.
Maulana Bhashani was the first leader who demanded a separate state for Bengalis. He parted his way with the Awami league and founded his own faction of Awami league due to disagreement over some issues. ISI was funded by Yahya to turn the election result into a stalemate, so that he can continue to be the chief martial law administrator. But everything backfired when a tsunami hit Bangladesh and caused a huge loss of life.
It is written in Hamood-ur-Rehmam commission that Mujib offered Bhutto an alliance to oust the military from politics, but Bhutto didn't concur with him due to his party members' Punjabi descent who preferred military. Also, there was disagreement between Mujib and Bhutto over bilateral and unilateral assembly. The military took advantage of the disagreements and resulted in the secession of East Pakistan.
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